Gamma emitter on a radio tube

2022-02-22

Gamma emitter on a radio tube. In this experiment we will consider a fairly simple scheme for obtaining high-energy electromagnetic radiation from a high-voltage power source, and we will receive predominantly gamma radiation of 0-100 μSv/hour from a radio tube . Such a flow exceeds the norm by 0-1000 times, so we kindly ask you to pay attention to the safety precautions when working with such a device!. Gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation with extremely high energy and a short wavelength [1]. In nature, it occurs during nuclear transformations, particle annihilation, and also in a number of astrophysical processes.

In laboratory and applied practice, gamma radiation is used in medicine, non-destructive testing, as well as in scientific research into the structure of matter and in experiments with free energy. Sources of gamma radiation are usually radioactive isotopes or particle accelerators. However, recently there has been increasing interest in the possibility of generating high-energy radiation using non-standard approaches, including those based on vacuum electronic devices, such as radio tubes [2]. . Radio tubes are devices that use thermionic emission to control the flow of electrons in a vacuum. With high-voltage operation and a special design of the electrode system, it is possible to achieve conditions under which accelerated electrons collide with a target or other electrodes with an energy sufficient for X-ray bremsstrahlung. If the voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the bremsstrahlung spectrum can extend into the low-energy gamma range. . Although from a practical point of view this is technically difficult and potentially dangerous, this concept is of scientific interest as an attempt to apply classical vacuum electron technology to problems that go beyond standard radio frequency applications. Such an approach can become an experimental model for studying bremsstrahlung processes, electron avalanches, and the generation of high-energy photons in compact and affordable systems. . ⚠️ Safety Warning When Working with Gamma Radiation Sources . Gamma radiation is ionizing and can have a harmful effect on living organisms even at relatively low dose rate levels. A level of up to 0 μSv/hour is 0 for short-term exposure, but requires strict adherence to radiation safety measures. . Key Points:

Minimize exposure time. Try to reduce the time spent in the radiation zone to the minimum required to perform the work.
Increase distance. The radiation intensity decreases with the square of the distance. At a distance twice as far, the dose decreases by a factor of four.
Use shielding. Use lead or other absorbing materials to shield the source. Even a thin layer of lead significantly reduces the level of gamma radiation.
Monitoring the radiation level. Use dosimeters to continuously monitor the dose rate and integral dose in the work area. Do not start work without a working measuring device.
Personal protection. Keep track of your individual radiation dose using personal dosimeters. Observe the annual permissible dose levels .
Training and admission. Work with gamma radiation sources is permitted only to trained individuals who have been instructed and have permission to work with IRS .

. Even at a power of up to 0 μSv/hour, with prolonged exposure, it is possible to exceed the permissible doses, especially for the eyes and hematopoietic organs. Do not neglect even simple protective measures - the consequences of accumulated radiation can be delayed, but serious. . Experimental design and implementation. Although a huge number of different brands of kenotrons were produced by the industry, the most successful in terms of emissivity was the 1Ц1С lamp. Its characteristics and possible analogues will be discussed below. To obtain maximum parameters , it is necessary to apply a potential of about 0 kV to it, without using the heating of the spiral of this lamp . It is better to apply such voltage through a limiting resistor with a nominal value of 0 or more megaohms . The source of such potential is the adjustable inverter PHV0 . .

By gradually increasing the voltage on the LM0 kenotron, it is necessary to achieve a barely noticeable blue glow inside the tube, but at the same time to prevent the appearance of obvious heating of the spiral or anode. This operating mode is considered optimal: it provides maximum intensity of gamma radiation with minimal thermal and electrical wear of the tube, which in turn allows to significantly extend its service life and ensure stability of characteristics in the long term. . When conducting an experiment, it is necessary to constantly monitor the level of gamma radiation with a special device - a dosimeter . The device itself is assembled taking into account the requirements for high-voltage circuits - avoiding sharp corners and observing discharge gaps. . Element base. Although we will not need the first three parameters, we will provide all known technical characteristics of the 1Ц1С kenotron [3]:

Nominal heating voltage 0 V;
Heating current 0 ± 0 mA;
Nominal anode voltage 0 V;
Anode current 0 mA;
Reverse current 0 μA;
Limiting reverse voltage 0 kV;
Limiting power dissipated by the anode 0 W;
Anode-cathode capacitance 0 pF.

. The following electron tubes are analogs of the 1Ц1С kenotron: 0, 0. . The following can act as an adjustable high-voltage converter PHV0: , or any other with the ability to adjust the output voltage of 0..25 kV. . Resistor R0 must be high-voltage, . . Conclusions. As a result of the experiment described in this work, it was possible to obtain stable gamma radiation of the order of 0 μSv/h from the 1Ц1С radio tube. This suggests a gamma quanta flux per 0 m²/s of the order of 10⁸ particles/m² s, which at a distance of 0 m from the source gives a flux of approximately 10^-5 W/m². At the same time, the inverter, resistor and the tube itself practically did not heat up, which indicates the possibility of long-term operation of the entire device. . .