Description: Polarizing filters only allow light with a certain orientation of the electric field to pass through. If light passes through the first filter, it becomes linearly polarized. When a second filter is added at an angle of 90°, the light is completely blocked. Description: They studied the interference of light passing through two polarizers. If two beams of light are initially unpolarized, they can interfere. But if they are mutually perpendicularly polarized, there is no interference. Description: Light falling on the surface of a dielectric at a certain angle (Brewster's angle) is reflected completely polarized. The reflected and refracted beams are mutually perpendicularly polarized. Description: When light passes through a birefringent crystal (e.g. calcite), it splits into two beams with different polarizations. These beams travel through the crystal at different speeds. Description: When linearly polarized light passes through a material in a magnetic field, the polarization plane rotates. The magnitude of the rotation depends on the strength of the magnetic field and the length of the light path in the material. Result: This effect shows the interaction of light (electromagnetic wave) with matter and confirms that the light has a certain polarization orientation. Description: The intensity of light passing through two polarizers depends on the angle between them. The intensity \(I\) changes according to the Malus law: \[ I = I_0 \cos^2(\theta) \] where: \(\theta\) is the angle between the axes of the polarizers. Description: Some substances (e.g. sugar solutions) are able to rotate the plane of polarization of light. Light passes through an optically active substance, and its polarization changes depending on the thickness of the substance layer and its concentration. Description: In a strong electric field, some materials become doubly refractive, meaning that light passing through them becomes polarized. Description: Using special devices such as quartz plates (half-wave or quarter-wave plates), linearly polarized light can be converted into circular or elliptically polarized light. Circular polarization occurs when the electric field of light rotates with a constant amplitude, creating a circular vector.